Recent research suggests that pigs could play a role in transmitting the rat hepatitis E virus (HEV) to humans. This discovery raises concerns about food safety and the potential for a new route of HEV infection in humans.
Rat HEV: A Growing Concern
Rat HEV, scientifically known as Rocahepevirus ratti, is a virus primarily found in rats. However, it has recently been detected in humans, raising concerns about its potential impact on human health.
The first human case of rat HEV was reported in Hong Kong in 2018. Since then, at least 20 cases have been identified globally, primarily in individuals with weakened immune systems. This suggests that while the virus can infect anyone, those with compromised immunity may be more susceptible to developing illness.
Transmission through Pork Consumption
The primary way humans are thought to contract rat HEV is by consuming contaminated food, particularly raw or undercooked pork. This route of transmission is similar to how other HEV strains spread to humans.
HEV is typically spread through the fecal-oral route. This means that the virus present in an infected animal’s feces can contaminate food or water, leading to infection when ingested. The recent research suggests that pigs may act as an intermediary in this transmission, potentially picking up the virus from infected rats and then passing it on to humans through the food chain.
Evidence from The Ohio State University Study
Researchers at The Ohio State University conducted a study that provides compelling evidence for the role of pigs in rat HEV transmission.
The researchers used a strain of rat HEV that had been isolated from a human case. They introduced this strain to pigs living in conditions mimicking a farm setting.
The study yielded alarming results: the pigs became infected with the rat HEV and transmitted it to other pigs housed together, even those that were not directly inoculated with the virus. This finding strongly indicates that rat HEV can spread efficiently among pigs in close quarters, similar to conditions found in pig farms.
Viral Shedding and Spread
The Ohio State University study provided further insights into how rat HEV spreads among pigs.
Researchers found viral particles in the blood and feces of infected pigs just one week after they were initially exposed to the virus. Even more concerning, pigs that shared housing with infected pigs but were not themselves inoculated began shedding the virus in their feces two weeks later. This finding confirms that the virus spreads through the fecal-oral route among pigs, highlighting the potential for rapid transmission within a pig population.
Public Health Implications
The discovery of rat HEV transmission through pork consumption has significant public health implications.
First, it raises concerns about the safety of pork products, particularly those consumed raw or undercooked. Second, it highlights the need for increased surveillance and monitoring of rat HEV in both pig populations and pork products.
Further research is crucial to determine the prevalence of rat HEV in pork products, particularly pork liver, which is often consumed cooked but can still pose a risk if contaminated.
Neurological Complications
Adding to the concerns, rat HEV has been linked to neurological complications in humans.
Meningoencephalitis, a serious condition involving inflammation of the brain and spinal cord, has been reported in individuals infected with rat HEV. Sadly, there has been at least one documented human death attributed to rat HEV-induced meningoencephalitis. These cases underscore the potential severity of this virus and the urgent need for effective prevention and control measures.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
What is rat HEV?
Rat HEV, or Rocahepevirus ratti, is a virus primarily found in rats. However, it can spread to humans, potentially causing liver disease and neurological complications.
How do humans get rat HEV?
The most likely way humans get rat HEV is by eating contaminated food, especially undercooked or raw pork. Pigs can act as intermediate hosts, picking up the virus from infected rats and transmitting it to humans through the food chain.
What are the symptoms of rat HEV in humans?
Symptoms of rat HEV infection can vary but often resemble those of other HEV infections. Common symptoms include fever, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), and loss of appetite. In some cases, rat HEV can lead to more serious complications like liver failure or neurological disorders.
How can I protect myself from rat HEV infection?
You can reduce your risk of rat HEV infection by practicing good hygiene and handling food safely:
- Wash your hands thoroughly with soap and water after handling raw meat, using the bathroom, and before eating.
- Cook pork thoroughly to an internal temperature of at least 145°F (63°C) to kill any potential viruses.
- Avoid consuming raw or undercooked pork products, particularly liver.
- Prevent rodents from accessing areas where food is stored or prepared.
Is there a vaccine for rat HEV?
Currently, there is no vaccine available specifically for rat HEV. However, research is ongoing to develop effective vaccines against this emerging virus.
Conclusion
The discovery of rat HEV transmission through pork consumption highlights the interconnectedness of animal and human health. Further research is needed to fully understand the prevalence of rat HEV in pigs and pork products and to develop effective strategies to prevent and control its spread.
Consumers can take steps to protect themselves by practicing proper food hygiene and ensuring that pork is thoroughly cooked before consumption. Increased awareness among the public, healthcare providers, and food safety authorities is crucial for effective management of this emerging public health threat.
Source: The Hindu