The World Health Organization (WHO) provides comprehensive information about mpox (previously known as monkeypox), a viral disease caused by the monkeypox virus (MPXV). This detailed guide delves into the causes, symptoms, transmission, prevention, and global response to this emerging public health concern.
Understanding Mpox Transmission
Mpox spreads primarily through close contact with an infected person or animal. Human-to-human transmission occurs through:
- Direct contact with bodily fluids or lesions on the skin or mucosal surfaces (mouth, nose, eyes).
- Exposure to respiratory particles during prolonged face-to-face contact.
- Touching contaminated materials such as clothing, bedding, or surfaces.
Animal-to-human transmission can occur in endemic areas, primarily tropical rainforests in Africa, through:
- Bites or scratches from infected animals like rodents and monkeys.
- Contact with infected animal products such as meat.
Recognizing the Signs and Symptoms of Mpox
The time from exposure to the onset of symptoms, known as the incubation period, is typically 1-2 weeks but can range from 1 to 21 days. Common symptoms include:
Common Symptoms
- Fever
- Rash: The hallmark of mpox, this rash progresses through distinct stages:
- Macules: Flat, discolored spots
- Papules: Small, raised bumps
- Vesicles: Fluid-filled blisters
- Pustules: Pus-filled blisters that eventually crust and scab over
- Swollen lymph nodes
- Headache
- Muscle aches
- Back pain
- Severe fatigue
The rash can affect the entire body, including the palms of the hands and soles of the feet. It may leave scars after healing.
Identifying High-Risk Groups
While anyone can contract mpox, certain groups face a higher risk of infection. These include:
- Healthcare workers caring for mpox patients
- Close contacts of infected individuals, including household members
- Children
- People with multiple sexual partners, particularly men who have sex with men
- Sex workers and their clients
- Pregnant women
- Individuals with weakened immune systems, such as those living with HIV
Effective Prevention and Control Measures
Preventing the spread of mpox requires a multi-pronged approach, including:
Personal Protective Measures:
- Avoid close contact with infected people and their belongings.
- Practice good hand hygiene by washing hands frequently with soap and water or using an alcohol-based hand sanitizer.
- Wear a mask, especially in crowded or poorly ventilated spaces.
- Cover coughs and sneezes with a tissue or elbow.
- Clean and disinfect frequently touched surfaces.
Vaccination:
- Vaccination is available and recommended for individuals at high risk of exposure, including healthcare workers and close contacts of infected individuals.
- People vaccinated against smallpox may have some cross-protection against mpox.
Animal-to-Human Transmission Prevention:
- Avoid contact with wild animals in endemic areas.
Thoroughly cook all animal meat, especially in regions where mpox is present.
WHO’s Comprehensive Response to the Mpox Outbreak
Recognizing the global health threat posed by mpox, the World Health Organization (WHO) has taken decisive action:
Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC):
- In response to the escalating outbreaks, WHO Director-General Dr. Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus declared mpox a PHEIC twice—first in May 2022 and again in August 2024.
Global Coordination and Support:
- The WHO is coordinating global efforts to combat mpox through:
- Research and development of vaccines and treatments
- Strengthening country health systems to enhance surveillance, diagnosis, and response capabilities
- Facilitating equitable access to vaccines, therapeutics, diagnostics, and other essential tools
- Implementing comprehensive surveillance to track the spread of the virus
- Enhancing laboratory diagnosis to confirm cases and monitor viral evolution
- Disseminating accurate and timely risk communication to the public
Recent Developments and Global Impact
The fight against mpox is ongoing, with recent developments shaping the global response:
Current Outbreaks and New Strains:
- Recent outbreaks, particularly in the Democratic Republic of Congo, have raised concerns.
- The emergence of a new strain, clade Ib, has been linked to increased severity compared to clade II.
- Clade Ib has now been reported in countries outside of Africa, highlighting the potential for global spread.
Global Case Count and Mortality:
- Between January 2022 and August 2024, over 120 countries reported mpox cases.
- Globally, there have been over 100,000 laboratory-confirmed cases and over 220 deaths among confirmed cases.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) About Mpox
How can I protect myself from getting infected with mpox?
Protecting yourself involves avoiding close contact with infected individuals, practicing meticulous hand hygiene, and getting vaccinated if you’re at high risk. For detailed preventive measures, refer to the “Effective Prevention and Control Measures” section above.
What should I do if I think I have been exposed to mpox?
If you suspect exposure, contact your healthcare provider immediately. They can assess your risk, recommend testing if necessary, and advise you on appropriate steps to prevent further spread.
Is there a vaccine for mpox?
Yes, vaccines are available and recommended for individuals at high risk of exposure. Additionally, people vaccinated against smallpox may have some level of cross-protection against mpox.
What is the treatment for mpox?
Treatment for mpox primarily focuses on managing symptoms and preventing complications. Your healthcare provider may recommend antiviral medications in severe cases.
Conclusion: A Global Effort to Combat Mpox
Mpox remains a significant global health concern, but by understanding its causes, symptoms, transmission routes, and preventive measures, we can mitigate its impact. The WHO’s comprehensive response, coupled with individual actions to reduce transmission risk, are crucial in controlling the spread of this emerging infectious disease.
Source: World Health Organization